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关于印发《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目及中介服务机构奖励办法》的通知

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-05-13 23:46:22  浏览:9770   来源:法律资料网
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关于印发《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目及中介服务机构奖励办法》的通知

浙江省杭州市经济委员会 杭州市财政局


关于印发《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目及中介服务机构奖励办法》的通知


杭经技术[2004]375号
杭财企一[2004]745号

市工业资产经营有限公司,各区、县(市)经贸局(经发局、计经局)、财政局,杭州经济技术开发区经发局、财政局,各资产授权经营单位:

  为加快实施“以信息化带动工业化,以工业化促进信息化”的发展战略,鼓励和扶持我市工业企业积极实施信息化应用项目,支持我市中介服务机构普及企业信息化知识和提供技术支撑、咨询、培训、监理等方面的服务,特制定《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目及中介服务机构奖励办法》,现印发给你们,请遵照执行。



杭州市经济委员会      杭州市财政局
      二○○四年八月三十日



杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目及中介服务机构奖励办法

  为加快实施“以信息化带动工业化,以工业化促进信息化”的发展战略,鼓励和扶持我市工业企业积极实施信息化应用项目,支持我市中介服务机构普及企业信息化知识和提供技术支撑、咨询、培训、监理等方面的服务,根据《杭州市人民政府关于加快推进工业企业信息化的若干意见》(杭政[2003]4号)、《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目财政资助管理办法》(杭经技术[2003]271号、杭财企一[2003]434号)的精神,特制定本办法。

  一、奖励资金来源及用途

  每年从杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目财政资助资金中安排一定数额的资金,用于奖励我市工业企业信息化应用绩效显著的项目和在全市推广应用信息化工作中发挥重大作用的中介服务机构以及承担全市信息化应用调研课题项目单位。重点用于萧山区、余杭区及五县(市)工业企业的信息化应用绩效显著项目,并遵循项目择优和兼顾地区平衡原则。

  二、奖励条件

  申请奖励的企业和中介服务机构必须具备如下条件:

  1、项目实施单位具备企业法人资格,在杭州市国税局、地税局登记、纳税,具有健全的财务管理制度和会计核算体系,创造良好的经营业绩,并对项目进行单独财务核算。

  2、申请奖励项目符合产业政策,已按规定备案;项目实际投资总额不低于50万元,已实施完成,并产生良好的社会和经济效益。企业信息化应用项目投资额主要包括:企业在实施信息化应用项目时支付的软件、硬件采购费用,网络建设、专业网站服务、系统安全费用,以及技术咨询、人员培训等费用。

  3、中介服务机构要贯彻和落实国家、省和市在信息化应用领域的产业技术政策;根据企业信息化应用的需要和信息技术发展的趋势,提供技术支撑、咨询、培训、监理等专业性的服务;在推广应用信息化工作中发挥重大作用。

  三、奖励标准
根据专家评审结果,项目奖励分一、二、三等奖。其中:一等奖奖励10万元;二等奖奖励7万元;三等奖奖励5万元。

  四、奖励审理程序

  1、企业申请杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目奖励,应提供《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目备案登记表》(见附件1)、《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目奖励申请表》(见附件2)、《杭州市工业企业信息化应用项目已完成投资财务清单》(见附件3),并提供记帐凭证复印件、供应商的购销合同复印件、企业营业执照复印件,同时报送完成企业信息化应用项目的工作总结。除以上材料外,还需所在区、县(市)经贸局(计经局、经发局)、财政局以联合行文的形式一式3份,向市经委(2份)和市财政局(1份)上报推荐的项目。

  2、市经委和市财政局每年对申请奖励项目进行汇总,并组织有关专家对申请奖励项目依据的技术难度、实际投入、绩效水平等进行评审,提出奖励项目和奖励额度计划,报市工业企业信息化推进工作领导小组审定。

  3、中介服务机构需填写《杭州市工业企业信息化应用中介服务机构奖励申请表》(见附件4),同时将其在推广应用信息化工作中发挥重大作用的业绩一式2份上报市经委和市财政局,市经委和市财政局根据其实际业绩,提出奖励机构名单和奖励额度计划,报市工业企业信息化推进工作领导小组审定。

  五、奖励资金审批、拨付及财务处理

  1、市经委根据市工业企业信息化推进工作领导小组审定结果填制《杭州市级财政资金支出审批表》,并按市政府规定的财政资金支出审批程序及权限报批,经同意后,由市财政局直接将奖励资金拨付给企业和中介服务机构。

  2、企业收到的奖励资金应专项使用。

   六、本办法自发布之日起执行,并由市经委、市财政局负责解


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中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例(附英文)

国务院


中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例(附英文)

(一九八二年一月十二日国务院常务会议通过)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为促进国民经济的发展,扩大国际经济技术合作,在维护国家主权和经济利益的前提下允许外国企业参与合作开采中华人民共和国海洋石油资源,特制定本条例。
第二条 中华人民共和国的内海、领海、大陆架以及其他属于 中华人民共和国海洋资源管辖海域的石油资源,都属于中华人民共和国国家所有。
在前款海域内,为开采石油而设置的建筑物、构筑物、作业船舶,以及相应的陆岸油(气)集输终端和基地,都受中华人民共和国管辖。
第三条 中国政府依法保护参与合作开采海洋石油资源的外国企业的投资、应得利润和其他合法权益,依法保护外国企业的合作开采活动。
在本条例范围内,合作开采海洋石油资源的一切活动,都应当遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法令和国家的有关规定;参与实施石油作业的企业和个人,都应当受中国法律的约束,接受中国政府有关主管部门的检查、监督。
第四条 中华人民共和国石油工业部是对外合作开采海洋石油资源的政府主管部门,依据国家确定的合作海区、面积,决定合作方式,划分合作区块;依据国家长期经济计划制订同外国企业合作开采海洋石油资源的规划;制订对外合作开采海洋石油资源的业务政策和审批海上油(气)田的总体开发方案。
第五条 中华人民共和国对外合作开采海洋石油资源的业务,统一由中国海洋石油总公司全面负责。
中国海洋石油总公司是具有法人资格的国家公司,享有在对外合作海区内进行石油勘探、开发、生产和销售的专营权。
中国海洋石油总公司根据工作需要,可以设立地区公司、专业公司、驻外代表机构,执行总公司交付的任务。
第六条 中国海洋石油总公司就对外合作开采石油的海区、面积、区块,通过组织招标,采取签订石油合同方式,同外国企业合作开采石油资源。
前款石油合同,经中华人民共和国外国投资管理委员会批准,即为有效。
中国海洋石油总公司采取其他方式运用外国企业的技术和资金合作开采石油资源所签订的文件,也应当经中华人民共和国外国投资管理委员会批准。

第二章 石油合同各方的权利和义务
第七条 中国海洋石油总公司通过订立石油合同同外国企业合作开采海洋石油资源,除石油工业部或石油合同另有规定者外,应当由石油合同中的外国企业一方(以下称外国合同者)投资进行勘探,负责勘探作业,并承担全部勘探风险;发现商业性油(气)田后,由外国合同者同中国海洋石油总公司双方投资合作开发,外国合同者并应负责开发作业和生产作业,直至中国海洋石油总公司按照石油合同规定在条件具备的情况下接替生产作业。外国合同者可以按照石油合同规定,从生产的石油中回收其投资和费用,并取得报酬。
第八条 外国合同者可以将其应得的石油和购买的石油运往国外,也可以依法将其回收的投资、利润和其他正当收益汇往国外。
第九条 参与合作开采海洋石油资源的中国企业、外国企业,都应当依法纳税,缴纳矿区使用费。
前款企业的雇员,都应当依法缴纳个人所得税。
第十条 为执行石油合同所进口的设备和材料,按照国家规定给予减税、免税,或者给予税收方面的其他优惠。
第十一条 外国合同者应当按照《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》的规定,开设银行帐户。
第十二条 外国合同者在执行石油合同中,应当使用适用而先进的技术和经营管理经验,并有义务向中国一方执行石油合同的有关人员(以下称中方人员)转让技术,传授经验;在石油作业中必须优先雇用中方人员,逐步扩大中方人员的比例,并应对中方人员有计划地进行培训。
第十三条 外国合同者在执行石油合同中,必须及时地、准确地向中国海洋石油总公司报告石油作业情况;完整地、准确地取得各项石油作业的数据、记录、样品、凭证和其他原始资料,并定期向中国海洋石油总公司提交必要的资料和样品以及技术、经济、财会、行政方面的各种报告。
第十四条 外国合同者为执行石油合同应当在中华人民共和国境内设立分支机构或代表机构,并依法履行登记手续。
前款机构的住所地应当同中国海洋石油总公司共同商量确定。
第十五条 本条例第三条、第八条、第九条、第十条、第十四条的规定,对向石油作业提供服务的外国承包者,类推适用。

第三章 石油作业
第十六条 作业者必须根据本条例和石油工业部颁布的有关开采石油资源的规定,参照国际惯例,制订油(气)田总体开发方案和实施生产作业,以达到尽可能高的石油采收率。
第十七条 外国合同者为执行石油合同,应当使用中华人民共和国境内现有的基地;如需设立新基地,必须位于中华人民共和国境内。
前款新基地的具体地点,以及在特殊情况下需要采取的其他措施,都必须经中国海洋石油总公司书面同意。
第十八条 中国海洋石油总公司有权派人参加外国作业者为执行石油合同而进行的总体设计和工程设计。中华人民共和国境内的设计公司在具有竞争力的条件下优先承包上述的总体设计和工程设计。
第十九条 为执行石油合同而需建造的所有设施,包括人工岛、平台、建筑物、构筑物等,在质量、价格、交货期和服务工作具有竞争力的条件下,作业者必须优先同中华人民共和国境内的制造工厂、工程公司签订承包合同。
第二十条 为执行石油合同所需的设备和材料,在具有竞争力的条件下,作业者、承包者都必须优先采购、使用中华人民共和国制造和提供的设备和材料。
第二十一条 为执行石油合同所需的物探、钻井、潜水、飞机、船舶、基地等方面的服务,在价格、效率和服务工作具有竞争力的条件下,作业者、承包者都必须优先同中华人民共和国境内的有关单位签订承包和服务合同。
第二十二条 外国合同者为执行石油合同,除租用第三方的设备外,按计划和预算所购置和建造的全部资产,当外国合同者的投资按照规定得到补偿后,其所有权属于中国海洋石油总公司,在合同期内,外国合同者仍然可以依据合同的规定使用这些资产。
第二十三条 本条例第十三条所规定的各项石油作业的数据、记录、样品、凭证和其他原始资料,其所有权属于中国海洋石油总公司。
前款数据、记录、样品、凭证和其他原始资料的使用和转让、赠与、交换、出售、公开发表以及运出、传送出中华人民共和国,都必须按照石油工业部制订的《资料管理规定》执行。
第二十四条 作业者和承包者在实施石油作业中,应当遵守中华人民共和国有关环境保护和安全方面的法律规定,并参照国际惯例进行作业,保护渔业资源和其他自然资源,防止对大气、海洋、河流、湖泊和陆地等环境的污染和损害。
第二十五条 石油合同区产出的石油,应当在中华人民共和国登陆,也可以在海上油(气)外输计量点运出。如需在中华人民共和国以外的地点登陆,必须经石油工业部批准。
第二十六条 在战争、战争危险或其他紧急状态下,中国政府有权征购、征用外国合同者所得的和所购买的石油的一部或全部。

第四章 附 则
第二十七条 在合作开采海洋石油资源活动中,外国企业和中国企业间发生的争执,应当通过友好协商解决。通过协商不能解决的,由中华人民共和国仲裁机构进行调解、仲裁,也可以由合同双方协议在其他仲裁机构仲裁。
第二十八条 作业者、承包者违反本条例规定实施石油作业,石油工业部有权提出警告,并限期纠正。如未能在限定的期限内纠正,石油工业部有权采取必要的措施,直至停止其实施石油作业。由此造成的一切经济损失,由责任方承担。
对严重违反本条例规定的责任者,石油工业部可处以罚款,直至向司法机关提起诉讼。
第二十九条 本条例所用的术语,其定义如下:
1、“石油”是指蕴藏在地下的、正在采出的和已经采出的原油和天然气。
2、“开采”是泛指石油的勘探、开发、生产和销售及其有关的活动。
3、“石油合同”是指中国海洋石油总公司同外国企业为合作开采中华人民共和国海洋石油资源,依法订立的包括石油勘探、开发和生产的合同。
4、“合同区”是指在石油合同中为合作开采石油资源以地理座标圈定的海域面积。
5、“石油作业”是指为执行石油合同而进行的勘探、开发和生产作业及其有关的活动。
6、“勘探作业”是指用地质、地球物理、地球化学和包括钻勘探井等各种方法寻找储藏石油的圈闭所做的全部工作,以及在已发现石油的圈闭上为确定它有无商业价值所做的钻评价井、可行性研究和编制油(气)田的总体开发方案等全部工作。
7、“开发作业”是指从石油工业部批准油(气)田的总体开发方案之日起,为实现石油生产所进行的设计、建造、安装、钻井工程等及其相应的研究工作,并包括商业性生产开始之前的生产活动。
8、“生产作业”是指一个油(气)田从开始商业性生产之日起,为生产石油所进行的全部作业以及与其有关的活动,诸如采出、注入、增产、处理、贮运和提取等作业。

9、“外国合同者”是指同中国海洋石油总公司签订石油合同的外国企业。外国企业可以是公司,也可以是公司集团。
10、“作业者”是指按照石油合同的规定负责实施作业的实体。
11、“承包者”是指向作业者提供服务的实体。
第三十条 本条例的施行细则由石油工业部制定。
第三十一条 本条例自发布之日起施行。

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE EXPLOITATIONOF OFFSHORE PETROLEUM RESOURCES IN COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN ENTERPRISES

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE EXPLOITATION
OF OFFSHORE PETROLEUM RESOURCES IN COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN ENTERPRISES
(Promulgated by the State Council on January 30, 1982)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
In the interest of developing the national economy and expanding
international economic and technological cooperation, these Regulations
are formulated, on the premise of maintaining national sovereignty and
economic interests, to permit foreign enterprises to participate in the
cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum resources of the People's
Republic of China.
Article 2
All petroleum resources in the internal waters, territorial sea and
continental shelf of the People's Republic of China and in all sea areas
within the limits of national jurisdiction over the maritime resources of
the People's Republic of China are owned by the People's Republic of
China.
In the sea areas referred to in the preceding paragraph, all buildings and
structures set up and vessels operating to exploit petroleum, as well as
the corresponding onshore oil (gas) terminals and bases, shall be under
the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China.
Article 3
The Government of the People's Republic of China shall protect, in
accordance with the law, the investments of foreign enterprises
participating in the cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources, the profits due to them and their other legitimate rights and
interests, and shall protect, in accordance with the law, the cooperative
exploitation activities of foreign enterprises.
All activities for the cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources within the scope of these Regulations shall be subject to the
laws and decrees of the People's Republic of China and relevant provisions
of the State; all persons and enterprises taking part in petroleum
operations shall be subject to the laws of China and shall accept
inspection and supervision by the competent authorities concerned of the
Chinese Government.
Article 4
The Ministry of Petroleum Industry of the People's Republic of China shall
be the competent authority in charge of the exploitation of offshore
petroleum resources in cooperation with foreign enterprises, and shall
determine the forms of cooperation and demarcate areas of cooperation in
accordance with the zones and the surface areas of cooperation designated
by the State; it shall work out a plan for the exploitation of offshore
petroleum resources in cooperation with the foreign enterprises in
accordance with long-term state economic plans, formulate operation and
management policies for the cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum
resources and examine and approve the overall development program for
offshore oil (gas) fields.
Article 5
The China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) shall have exclusive
and overall responsibility for the work of exploiting offshore petroleum
resources in the People's Republic of China in cooperation with foreign
enterprises.
CNOOC is a state corporation with the status of a legal person and has the
exclusive right to prospect for, develop, produce and market the petroleum
within the zones of cooperation with foreign enterprises.
CNOOC may, as the work requires, establish regional corporations,
specialized corporations and overseas representative offices to carry out
the tasks delegated by the head office.
Article 6
CNOOC shall, by means of calling for bids and signing petroleum contracts,
cooperate with foreign enterprises to exploit petroleum resources in
accordance with the zones, surface areas and areas of cooperation with
foreign enterprises for the exploitation of petroleum resources.
The petroleum contracts referred to in the preceding paragraph shall come
into force upon approval by the Foreign Investment Commission of the
People's Republic of China. All the documents signed by CNOOC for other
forms of cooperative exploitation of petroleum resources utilizing
technology and funds provided by foreign enterprises shall also be subject
to approval by Foreign Investment Commission of the People's Republic of
China.

Chapter II Rights and Obligations of the Parties to Petroleum Contracts
Article 7
CNOOC shall cooperate with foreign enterprises to exploit offshore
petroleum resources by means of entering into petroleum contracts, and,
unless otherwise specified by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry or in a
petroleum contract, the foreign enterprise party to the petroleum contract
(hereafter "foreign contractor") shall provide the investment to carry out
prospecting, be responsible for prospecting operations and bear all
prospecting risks; after a commercial oil (gas) field is discovered, both
the foreign contractor and CNOOC shall provide the investment for its
cooperative development, and the foreign contractor shall be responsible
for the development operations and production operations until CNOOC takes
over the production operations when conditions permit as provided in the
petroleum contract. The foreign contractor, in accordance with the
provisions of the petroleum contract, recovers its investment and expenses
and receives remuneration out of the petroleum produced.
Article 8
The foreign contractor may export the petroleum due to it and the
petroleum it purchases, and may also, in accordance with the law, remit
abroad the investment it recovers, its profits and its other legitimate
income.
Article 9
All Chinese enterprises and foreign enterprises participating in the
cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum resources shall pay taxes
in accordance with the law and shall pay mining royalties.
All the employees of the enterprises referred to in the preceding
paragraph shall pay individual income tax in accordance with the law.
Article 10
The equipment and materials imported for carrying out the petroleum
contract shall be subject to tax at a reduced rate, or be exempted from
tax, or be given other preferen-tax treatment in accordance with state
provisions.
Article 11
The foreign contractor shall open a bank account in accordance with the
provisions of the Interim Regulations on Foreign Exchange Control of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 12
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor shall use
appropriate and advanced technology and management experience and shall be
obligated to transfer the technology and pass on the experience to the
personnel of the Chinese side involved in carrying out the petroleum-
contract (hereafter "Chinese personnel"); in petroleum operations, the
foreign contractor must give preference in employment to Chinese
personnel, progressively increase the percentage of Chinese personnel and
train Chinese personnel in a planned way.
Article 13
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor must
promptly and accurately report to CNOOC on the situation of petroleum
operations; and it must acquire complete and accurate data, records,
samples, vouchers and other original data with respect to the various
aspects of the petroleum operations, and regularly submit to CNOOC the
required data and samples as well as various technological, economic,
financial and accounting, and administrative reports.
Article 14
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor shall
establish a branch or subsidiary or representative office within the
territory of the People's Republic of China and fulfil registration
formalities in accordance with the law.
The location of the offices referred to in the preceding paragraph shall
be determined through consultation with CNOOC.
Article 15
The provisions of Articles 3, 8, 9, 10 and 14 of these Regulations shall,
by analogy, apply to foreign subcontractors that render services in
connection with the petroleum operations.

Chapter III Petroleum Operations
Article 16
In order to achieve the highest possible oil recovery factor, the operator
must, in accordance with these Regulations and the relevant provisions
promulgated by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry on the exploitation of
petroleum resources and in the light of international practice, formulate
an overall development program for the oil (gas) field and carry on
production operations.
Article 17
In carrying out the petroleum contract, the foreign contractor shall use
the existing bases within the territory of the People's Republic of China,
and, if new bases are needed, they must be established within the
territory of the People's Republic of China. The specific locations of
the new bases referred to in the preceding paragraph, and other
arrangements that may be necessary in special circumstances, must all be
subject to the written approval of CNOOC.
Article 18
CNOOC shall have the right to send personnel to join the foreign operator
in making master designs and engineering designs for carrying out the
petroleum contract. Designing corporations within the territory of the
People's Republic of China shall enjoy priority in entering into
subcontracts for the master designs and engineering designs mentioned
above, provided that their terms are competitive.
Article 19
With respect to all facilities required to be built in carrying out the
petroleum contract, including artificial islands, platforms, buildings and
structures, when signing subcontracts, the operator must give preference
to manufacturing plants and engineering corporations within the territory
of the People's Republic of China, provided that they are competitive in
terms of quality, price, time of delivery and services.
Article 20
With respect to the equipment and materials required to carry out the
petroleum contract, the operator and subcontractors must give preference
to procuring and utilizing equipment and materials manufactured and
supplied by the People's Republic of China, provided that these are
competitive.
Article 21
With respect to services that are required to carry out the petroleum
contract, such as those for geophysical prospecting, well-drilling,
diving, aircraft, ships and bases, the operator and subcontractors must
enter into subcontracts and service contracts with relevant departments
within the territory of the People's Republic of China, provided that they
are competitive in terms of price, efficiency and services.
Article 22
The ownership of all assets purchased or built by the foreign contractor
to carry out the petroleum contract in accordance with the plan and
budget, excluding equipment leased from a third party, shall belong to
CNOOC after the foreign contractor's investment has been compensated as
provided for, and, within the term of the contract, the foreign contractor
may continue to use those assets in accordance with the provisions of the
contract.
Article 23
CNOOC shall have the ownership of all of the data, records, samples,
vouchers and other original data with respect to the petroleum operations
stipulated in Article 13 of these Regulations.
The utilization and transfer, donation, exchange, sale and publication of
the previously mentioned data, records, samples, vouchers and other
original data and their export and transmission from the People's Republic
of China must all be conducted in accordance with the "Provisions on the
Control of Data" formulated by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.
Article 24
In the course of petroleum operations, the operator and subcontractors
shall comply with the relevant laws and provisions on environmental
protection and safety of the People's Republic of China, and shall, in the
light of international practice, protect fishery resources and other
natural resources and prevent the environment, including the air, seas,
rivers, lakes and land, from being polluted or damaged, when conducting
operations.
Article 25
The petroleum produced within the petroleum contract area shall be landed
in the People's Republic of China or may be exported from oil (gas)
metering points on offshore terminals. In case such petroleum has to be
landed at point outside the People's Republic of China, the approval of
the Ministry of Petroleum Industry must be obtained.
Article 26
In circumstances of war, the threat of war or other emergencies, the
Chinese Government shall have the right to compulsory purchase or
requisition of a portion or all of the petroleum due to it or purchased by
the foreign contractor.

Chapter IV Supplementary Provisions
Article 27
Any dispute arising between foreign and Chinese enterprises during the
cooperative exploitation of offshore petroleum resources shall be settled
through friendly consultations. If it cannot be resolved through
consultation, mediation and arbitration may be conducted by an arbitration
body of the People's Republic of China, or the parties to the contract may
agree upon arbitration by another arbitration body.
Article 28
In case an operator or contractor violates the provisions of these
Regulations in conducting petroleum operations, the Ministry of Petroleum
Industry shall have the right to issue a warning and set a deadline for
correction. If no correction can be made prior to the specified deadline,
the Ministry of Petroleum Industry shall have the right to adopt necessary
measures, even up to the suspension of implementation of petroleum
operations. All economic losses arising therefrom shall be borne by the
party responsible. A party responsible for serious violations of these
Regulations may be fined by and/or even be subject to legal action filed
with the judicial organs by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.
Article 29
The terms used in these Regulations are defined as follows:
(1) "Petroleum" means crude oil or natural gas deposited underground,
currently being extracted or already extracted.
(2) "Exploitation" means, in general, the exploration for and development,
production and marketing of petroleum, as well as other related
activities.
(3) "Petroleum contract" means a contract signed, in accordance with the
law, between CNOOC and foreign enterprises for the cooperative
exploitation of offshore petroleum resources of the People's Republic of
China, including the exploration for and development and production of
petroleum.
(4) "Contract area" means a surface area designated within a sea area
demarcated by geographical coordinates in the petroleum contract for the
cooperative exploitation of petroleum resources.
(5) "Petroleum operations" means all exploration, development and
production operations and other related activities conducted in carrying
out the petroleum contract.
(6) "Exploration operations" means all work done to locate the
petroleum-bearing traps by means of geological, geophysical and
geochemical methods and including drilling exploratory wells, etc., and
all work done to determine the commerciality of discovered petroleum
traps, including appraisal drilling, feasibility studies and preparation
of the overall development program for an oil
(gas) field.
(7) "Development operations" means projects, such as those for designing,
construction, installation and drilling, and corresponding research work,
conducted from the date of the approval of the overall development program
for an oil (gas) field by the Ministry of Petroleum Industry, in order to
bring about petroleum production, including production activities carried
out before the commencement of commercial production.
(8) "Production operations" means all operations for producing petroleum
conducted after the date of commencement of the commercial production of
an oil (gas)
field and related activities, such as extraction, injection, production
stimulation, processing, storage and transportation and lifting of
petroleum and other operations.
(9) "Foreign contractor" means a foreign enterprise that signs a petroleum
contract with CNOOC. The foreign enterprises may be a corporation or a
consortium of corporations.
(10) "Operator" means an entity that is responsible for implementing the
operations pursuant to the provisions of the petroleum contract.
(11) "Subcontractor" means an entity that renders services to the
operator.
Article 30
Rules for the implementation of these Regulations shall be formulated by
the Ministry of Petroleum Industry.
Article 31
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


契约法理论的历史嬗迭与现代发展(下)
--以英美契约法为核心的考察

刘承韪 中国政法大学 副教授


关键词: 古典契约法理论 新古典契约法理论 关系契约理论 中国契约法治现代化
内容提要: 近代以来的契约法依次经历了以下三个紧密相连的理论阶段:古典契约法理论、新古典契约法理论和现代契约法理论。古典契约法理论是西方契约理论的建构期,首次型塑了契约法的完整体系结构和契约自由的精神理念;新古典契约法理论是旨在移除古典契约法弊端的契约理论改良阶段,它以《统一商法典》第二编和《第二次合同法重述》为经典文本代表,是西方现今主流的契约法理论;关系契约理论契约法社会化浪潮的理论成果,是古典契约法“死亡”后有关市场交换之法理建构中最有前途的理论选择。西方契约法理论的历史和现实可为中国契约法治现代化提供了有益的借鉴和参考,对于中国契约法治现代化建设有着极其重要的理念价值和制度价值。


(接上篇)

三、契约法社会化与关系契约理论

(一)契约社会化与“关系性契约”难题

传统契约法视野中的契约关系为个别性契约,强调契约当事人数量的有限性、交易目的的单一性、意思自由与个人利益最大化、权利义务的可预期和确定性、契约关系的相对性和与第三人的无关性等特征,契约关系简单而清楚。但随着经济社会组织的大量涌现、社会化大生产的不断扩张以及经济交易的日益复杂化,原来简单清楚的契约关系因契约理念、契约主体、契约内容变动的影响而变得模糊、不确定而复杂,契约的关系性特征愈发明显,契约关系社会化了。具体体现在以下三个方面:

第一,契约理念变动引发的契约社会化。契约自由是传统契约法的核心理念,它讲究契约当事人的人格独立和自由意志,不受对方当事人和第三人的影响和非法干预。但随着社会经济的发展、社会分工和交换的强化,阻碍契约自由的权力、等级和命令也大量出现,格式合同即其著例。格式合同易为当事人所滥用,从而使得“合同自由变成提供格式合同大公司的单方面特权”,最终导致我们社会正在经历一个从“契约到身份复归”的过程,[51]契约自由由此衰落。契约自由的衰落,进而使得契约关系对当事人的束缚开始加强,第三人这种本来完全隐没在契约关系背后的力量也开始走向前台,囊括契约当事人、普通第三人、社会组织乃至国家的契约关系大大复杂化了,“关系性契约”难题随即出现。

第二,契约主体变动引发的契约社会化。现代契约法在维持古典与新古典契约法抽象平等理性人格假设的同时,又从抽象的法人格中,分化出若干具体的法人格。其代表的例子是劳动法上形成劳动者的具体人格,使雇佣契约的主体成为服从团体法理的劳动法的主体。中国合同法中也注意区分经营者之间的关系、经营者与消费者之间的关系。[52]上述具体契约法人格的登场在一定程度上解构了抽象理性人格假设,将原来较为简单的契约关系通过具体社会人格或“作为关系性存在物的社会人格”[53]而复杂化了,引发了契约法适用上的关系性难题,即契约当事人的权利义务会因为主体人格的具体化而发生多大的不同?

第三,契约内容变动引发的契约社会化。现代契约关系不是当事人通过面对面的谈判而缔结的,更多的是在科层组织和官僚体系的结构中组织起来的,其背后是渗透到科层组织和官僚体系之中的众多的利益相关者。但是,组织听命于利益相关者的整体,并不听命于利益相关者个人,就每一个利益相关者来说,他既是制定契约的力量,又是契约的被迫接受者,正是这种共同参与和个别接受的矛盾关系,才使得作为契约内容的当事人权利义务关系社会化倾向明显,对于此种高度社会化的复杂契约关系,传统的民法制度也无所适从。

总之,契约关系已经不单单是当事人交易磋商的结果,合意也不再是其承担法律责任的唯一凭据,契约已经成为包括当事人合意在内的多种社会因素博弈的结果,契约关系已经高度社会化,此时的契约已经具有了承载多重社会关系的能力,传统契约问题在现代也已经转化成与契约相关的“关系性难题”。

之所以称作“难题”,是因为传统契约法规则无法有效应对契约关系社会化所带来的挑战,不管是建构期的古典契约法还是调整期的新古典契约法都无力解决契约社会化的法律问题。古典契约法自不必说。新古典契约法尽管以承认例外的方式对古典契约法做了诸多修补,并注重回应社会现实,也初步认识到了契约的关系性特征,但新古典只是古典的一个亚种,它在法律理念、体系结构和核心内容方面都没有超脱出古典契约法的理论范式。它仍然是基于个别性契约交易,不过是对关系做了许多让步,它常常能够适当地处理契约关系中更为个别性的问题。但是,当个别性和关系性原则发生冲突时,新古典契约法就缺乏任何压倒性的关系性基础,也就缺乏解决关系问题所需要的应变能力。[54]于是,新古典契约法同样不能成为解决关系性契约问题的首选。

(二)社会化的契约法理论方案的兴起

既然古典和新古典契约法都无法解决当今契约关系日趋社会化的难题,因此就需要在契约社会化的背景下寻求全新的契约法理论方案和理论模式。传统契约法理论把契约的社会背景关系全部从法的世界中驱逐,致使重多的利益裸露于法律之外,以致最终死亡,因此契约法社会化理论立足于克服古典和新古典契约法的这一病因,主张契约法应是一个开放的体系,力图把曾经被传统契约法所抛弃的社会现实背景重新纳入法的世界。[55]在契约社会化理论中,契约关系不仅仅是基于当事人允诺和书面约定而建立起来的法律权利义务关系,更是以契约约定和契约社会背景为内容的一种社会关系。自此,契约法理开始发生根本变化,从全面统治两大法系的新旧古典契约法理论转向强调契约之社会基础、社会背景和社会根源的社会化契约法理论,以为解决当今社会关系性契约难题提出具体的解决思路和方案。

1.吉尔默的“契约死亡学派”(death of contract)

1970年4月,美国法学家格兰特·吉尔默在俄亥俄州立大学法学院作了一个讲演,题目叫做“契约的死亡”,然后将讲演稿整理出版,这就是使世界法学界震惊的《契约的死亡》一书。这本书的开头写道:“有人对我们说,契约和上帝一样,已经死亡。的确如此,这绝无任何可以怀疑的。”[56]在吉尔默看来,19世纪晚期契约一般理论迅速形成之前,侵权一直是引起民事责任的主要因素,在当时,契约之债与侵权之债呈融合趋势。而当“对价”等古典契约法的核心准则走向消亡的时候,这种融合状态就再次重现。吉尔默认为现代契约法的发展表现为契约责任为被侵权责任这一主流融合,契约法为侵权行为法吞并,或者他们二者都被一体的民事责任理论合并,有关契约关系问题的处理也将交由合并后的民事责任理论和制度。古典契约法领域中的那种纯粹规制当事人之间关系的契约概念开始土崩瓦解,并逐步走向开放。

2.肯尼迪等人的“批判法学运动(CLS) ”

批判法学的主要目标是构成市场机制的合同和财产制度将所有的法律推理都描述成神话,批判法学努力证明任何合同法的规则、原则或标准以及其他学说都可以被社会所“解构”。并且在摧毁了现存制度架构后,批判法学不愿意提出作为替代的制度设计。当然,与契约死亡学派一样,尽管批判法学在法学杂志中被千万次地提及,但在案例法中它几乎完全被忽略了。[57]但无论如何,批判法学运动的学者还是为契约法理论的创新和开放性提供了营养,开启了思路。

3,麦考利的合同之经验理论(empirical theories)

合同经验研究学派的鼓吹者为麦考利教授。麦考利教授于1963年发表《企业中的非契约性关系的初步研究》一文,宣告了正统契约法的死刑,他从经验素材中发现,在20世纪50年代中,美国的实业活动约近3/4是基于非契约性关系的,而契约的详细规定对于市场经济秩序并没有实质影响,当事人对于契约法文本和书面契约也并非像我们想像的那样重视,他们更重视的是长期商业关系的维系。由于上述研究发现同样具有宣判正统契约法死刑的效果和社会影响,因此麦考利被吉尔默等人戏称为“合同死亡的高级刽子手”。

总之,在解决关系性契约难题的需要下,在法律社会化的浪潮激荡之下,各种法社会学契约理论应运而生,但真正具有划时代意义的契约理论创造却是下文所说的关系契约理论。

(三)关系契约理论:契约法社会化运动的最强音

关系契约理论是美国法学家麦克尼尔的毕生杰作。麦克尼尔曾师承美国著名法学家富勒,其所创造的关系契约理论被公认为是自古典契约法“死亡”后有关市场交换之法理建构中最有前途的理论选择。[58]关系契约理论的核心意旨是从社会学的外在视角.对契约效力的正当性进行全新的解释和说明,将契约背后的社会关系推向契约效力的前台,为受到批判甚至被判死刑的古典和新古典契约法理论寻找全新的替代方案和理论模型。


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